nationality/national

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Nationality is a legal identification of a person in international law, establishing the person as a subject, a national, of a sovereign state. It affords the state jurisdiction over the person and affords the person the protection of the state against other states. The rights and duties of nationals vary from state to state and are often complemented by citizenship law. By international custom and conventions, it is the right of each state to determine who its nationals are.

Passports are issued to nationals of a state, rather than only to citizens, because the passport is the travel document used to enter the country. Nationals normally have the right to enter or return to the country they belong to. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationality]

citizenship/citizen

"I have passports from different counties"

Citizenship is the status of a person recognized under the custom or law of a sovereign state or local jurisdiction as a member of or belonging to the state. Each state is free to determine the conditions under which it will recognize persons as its citizens, and the conditions under which that status will be withdrawn. Recognition by a state as a citizen generally carries with it recognition of civil, political, and social rights which are not afforded to non-citizens. Some countries permit their citizens to have multiple citizenships, while others insist on exclusive allegiance. A person who does not have citizenship of any state is said to be stateless, while one who lives on state borders whose territorial status is uncertain is a border-lander. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenship]

residency/resident

"Where I live permanently"

Residency is the act of establishing or maintaining a residence in a given place. Residency is a concept which heavily affects the legal rights and responsibilities that are available to a person, including eligibility to vote, eligibility to stand for political office, eligibility to access government services, responsibility to pay taxes, and on and so forth. In law, domicile is the status or attribution of being a lawful permanent resident in a particular jurisdiction. A person can remain domiciled in a jurisdiction even after they have left it, if they have maintained sufficient links with that jurisdiction or have not displayed an intention to leave permanently (i.e. if that person has moved to a different state but has not yet formed an intention to remain there indefinitely). [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domicile_(law)]

nationality vs. citizenship

In some contexts to the point where citizenship is synonymous with nationality. However, nationality differs technically and legally from citizenship, which is a different legal relationship between a person and a country. Nationality differs technically and legally from citizenship, which is a different legal relationship between a person and a country.

The noun "national" can include both citizens and non-citizens. The most common distinguishing feature of citizenship is that citizens have the right to participate in the political life of the state, such as by voting or standing for election. However, in most modern countries all nationals are citizens of the state, and full citizens are always nationals of the state. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationality]

Nationality refers to the status of a person as belonging to a state, whereas citizenship refers to the holding of a bundle of civic rights, generally including the right to live and work in the territory of the state concerned.

For most legal jurisdictions, the terms ‘nationality’ and ‘citizenship’ are effectively interchangeable, however, due to the complexity of the UK’s nationality laws, this is not the case. Nationality refers to the status of a person as belonging to a state, whereas citizenship refers to the holding of a bundle of civic rights, generally including the right to live and work in the territory of the state concerned.

UK National

UK Citizenship vs UK Nationalities – Know Your Status For most legal jurisdictions, the terms ‘nationality’ and ‘citizenship’ are effectively interchangeable, however, due to the complexity of the UK’s nationality laws, this is not the case. Nationality refers to the status of a person as belonging to a state, whereas citizenship refers to the holding of a bundle of civic rights, generally including the right to live and work in the territory of the state concerned. The UK currently has 6 nationalities (commonly recognised abbreviations follow):

Understanding British National (Overseas) nationality

All British nationals are eligible to be issued with UK passports. However, only British citizens have the automatic right to live and work in the UK. It is extremely important for individuals relocating to the UK to fully understand the rights they have under their passport. In this blog, we will discuss BN(O) and use Hong Kong as an example.

Hong Kong was previously a British colony and until 1997, those born in Hong Kong or whose father was born in Hong Kong would have a form of UK nationality known as ‘British Dependent Territories citizenship’.

Between 1st July 1987 and 30th June 1997, a scheme was administered whereby any British Dependent Territories citizen with a connection to Hong Kong could apply to acquire the new status of BN(O). There was no separate registration process; the person simply applied for a passport. It is extremely important to note that BN(O) status does not allow the holder to live and work in the UK, and does not entitle the holder to consular assistance within the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. A BN(O) would have been issued a UK passport issued since 1st July 1987 describing the holder as "British National (Overseas)".

Very few Hong Kong residents became BN(O) when Hong Kong was handed over to China in 1997 – estimates are that of the 3 million BDTCs in Hong Kong, approximately 10,000 became BN(O)s. The registration scheme is now closed.

Employers also need to pay close attention to the status of their employee's passport as the passports covering the six British nationalities look almost identical to the British passport held by British citizens, therefore it is crucial to ensure that employees have full right to work in the UK before they commence employment to avoid severe penalties. HNWI also need to ensure that they do not overstay their 185 days per year as a visitor using the BN(O) passport. Breach of this criterion could lead to a 10-year re-entry ban. [https://www.fragomen.com/insights/blog/uk-citizenship-vs-uk-nationalities-%E2%80%93-know-your-status]